This is a clinical practice guideline for women who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The guideline examines the elements of risk, risk assessment, risk-reduction interventions, and the components of risk-reduction counselling. Risk-reduction interventions considered are lifestyle modifications, risk-reduction surgery, and risk-reduction agents including Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, and Aromatase. Monitoring patients on risk reduction agents, and managing the side effects of these agents are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult and pediatric patients with cancer. The guideline examines influenza immunization in these patients, including recommended vaccine, dosing, as well as the effect of age, duration, and systemic therapy on the patient's response to the vaccination. Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) are further discussed, as is the immunization of individuals in contact with these patients.

This is a clinical practice guideline for children undergoing treatment for leukemia, or other forms of cancer. The guideline examines strategies for the prevention, assessment, and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Management of thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy, as well as therapy options for menstrual suppression, are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for women who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The guideline examines the elements of risk, risk assessment, risk-reduction interventions, and the components of risk-reduction counselling. Risk-reduction interventions considered are lifestyle modifications, risk-reduction surgery, and risk-reduction agents including Tamoxifen, Raloxifene, Aromatase, Anastrozole and Exemestane. Monitoring patients on risk reduction agents, and managing the side effects of these agents are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the prevention and screening of skin cancer. Behavioural counselling recommendations are provided for young adults, adolescents, children, and parents of young children. Outcomes of interest include changes in sun protection behaviours, frequency of sunburn, and frequency of skin cancer.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with cancer who are at risk for, or have been diagnosed with, delirium. The guideline provides recommendations regarding delirium prevention, diagnosis, screening, treatment and experiential impact. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are discussed. Guidance is also provided on education and support for the healthcare team and family members.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on prevention, staging, imaging, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Treatment options such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and radical surgery are discussed. Other topics of interest include risk factors, comorbidities, quality of life, and pelvic organ preservation techniques.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The guideline provides recommendations for the prevention and management of organ health-related toxicities, and gives best practice recommendations for optimal nursing care of this patient population. Specific outcomes examined include myeloma-induced renal impairment, gastrointestinal symptoms, and peripheral neuropathy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults who have been diagnosed with or are suspected of having basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The main focus of the guideline is on the most common approaches for the treatment of primary BCC, but it also includes recommendations on the treatment of recurrent tumours, appropriate biopsy techniques, staging, follow-up, and prevention of BCC.

Tailored to the unique needs and concerns of patients with all types of cancer, this clinical practice guideline provides standard-of-care recommendations, techniques, and strategies on smoking cessation. The guideline outlines different interventions, including pharmacotherapy options (e.g. nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, bupropion, nortriptyline, clonidine), motivational strategies and behaviour techniques, and alternative treatment approaches such as electronic cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with actinic keratosis (AK). The guideline provides recommendations on treatment options such as topical therapies, cryosurgery, surgery, systemic therapy, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, and combination treatment. Diagnosis and follow-up are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with cutaneous melanoma. The guideline examines the care of these patients throughout the cancer care continuum, including prevention and surveillance, diagnosis and prognosis, surgical management and staging, further investigations and non-surgical staging, adjuvant treatment of stage 2 and 3 melanoma, follow up of patients with stage 1, 2 and 3 melanoma, and management of advanced (unresectable stage 4 or 5) melanoma.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults and children with hematologic malignancies, solid tumours, or hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. The guideline examines when and how clinicians should use platelet transfusion to prevent or manage bleeding in these patients. Recommendations are made on topics such as the preparation of platelet products, the prevention of Rhesus (Rh) alloimmunization, and platelet transfusion thresholds for patients with different conditions.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). The guideline examines screening, prevention, and treatment of cancer in these patients. Specifically, screening tests for endometrial, ovarian, gastric, small intestinal, pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancers, as well as cancers of the urinary tract, are discussed. Prophylactic hysterectomy and oophorectomy, tumour testing, germline testing, and LS management are also examined.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for breast reconstruction in women following mastectomy for the prevention or treatment of breast cancer. The guideline discusses patient education, eligibility for reconstruction, timing of reconstruction, factors that enhance recovery from reconstruction, post-reconstruction surveillance, and measuring outcomes of construction. The benefits and risks of implant-based, autologous flap, and combination reconstruction procedures are examined. The guideline also discusses the extent to appropriately perform mastectomy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colorectal polyps. The guideline examines the use of polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in colonoscopy and for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Polyp classification, polypectomy for polyps smaller than 20mm, EMR for polyps 20mm or larger, technical considerations, adverse events, and histopathology are discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for children with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Recommendations are provided for the prevention of mucositis through oral care management, and various treatment options are considered for the management of mucositis in affected patients. The guideline also lists the risk factors for mucositis, and provides an oral assessment tool.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The guideline provides updated recommendations around prevention and screening, evaluation and staging, treatment, and follow up care. Areas of focus are discussed with recognition that much progress has been made in regards to screening, minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment, advances in radiation therapy (RT) including stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), and targeted therapies.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on influenza vaccinations for children and adults with solid tumours or hematologic malignancies. Recommendations are provided for vaccine type (live versus inactivated) and administration in relation to the therapy cycle, and are stratified by patient age (adult versus pediatric). Topics of discussion include the effects of age, duration, and type of systemic therapy in regards to response of patients to the influenza vaccine, as well as contraindications and precautions for immunization.

This clinical practice guideline examines the impact of fertility drugs on the risk of cancer in women. The guideline looks at the association between use of fertility drugs and increased risk of developing invasive ovarian, breast, endometrial, colon and thyroid cancers as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and malignant melanoma. The association between fertility drugs and borderline ovarian tumours is also examined.

This is a clinical practice guideline for women who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The guideline provides an overview on risk assessment, risk-reduction interventions including lifestyle interventions, risk-reduction surgery, and risk-reduction agents (tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibitors). Recommendations are also provided for managing side effects of risk-reduction agents and monitoring for complications. Risk-reduction counselling is also discussed.

This is an update to the 2009 recommendation on aspirin use to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and the 2007 recommendation on aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). The recommendations apply to adults aged 40 years or older without known CVD and without increased bleeding risk. Recommendations include consideration of the aspirin dosage as well as the benefits and harms of initiating aspirin use.

A clinical practice guideline for the primary prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer, including basal and squamous cell carcinoma. The guideline examines modifiable risk factors for developing skin cancer, focusing primarily on photoprotection at an individual and public health level. Outcomes of interest include reduced actinic keratoses through daily sunscreen use and clarification of labelling standards. This guideline is Chapter 2 of 5 of the Non-melanoma Skin Cancer in Canada guideline series.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment options are discussed including surgical resection, transplantation, local ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, external-beam radiation therapy, systemic therapies, preemptive antiviral therapy, and drug treatment for cancer pain. Assessment of tumour response and post-treatment follow-up are also reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). The guideline provides recommendations for the management of TLS in both adults and children with haematological malignancies. Topics of interest include: the use of uricosuric drugs for the prevention and management of clinical TLS; management of hyperuricaemia; and the use of prophylaxis.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult and pediatric patients with solid tumours or hematologic cancers. The guideline provides recommendations on influenza immunization including immunization interval and dosage, type of vaccine (activated versus inactive), and timing of administration in relation to the cancer treatment cycle. Special topics of interest include immunization of patients undergoing blood and marrow transplant (BMT, autologous and allogeneic), as well as immunization of family members and hospital or clinic staff who are in contact with cancer patients.

This is a clinical practice guideline for women who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The guideline provides an overview on risk assessment, risk-reduction interventions including lifestyle interventions, risk-reduction surgery, and risk-reduction agents (tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibitors). Recommendations are also provided for managing side effects of risk-reduction agents and monitoring for complications. Risk-reduction counselling is also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The guideline provides updated recommendations around prevention and screening, evaluation and staging, treatment, and follow up. Areas of focus are discussed with recognition that much progress has been made in regards to screening, minimally invasive techniques for diagnosis and treatment, advances in radiation therapy (RT) including stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), and targeted therapies.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on influenza vaccinations for children and adults with solid tumours or hematologic malignancies. Recommendations are provided for vaccine type (live versus inactivated) and administration in relation to the therapy cycle, and are stratified by patient age (adult versus pediatric). Topics of discussion include the effects of age, duration, and type of systemic therapy in regards to response of patients to the influenza vaccine, as well as contraindications and precautions for immunization.

A clinical practice guideline for adult and pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. The guideline examines the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting through both psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. Outcomes of interest include moderate improvement with minimal risk through non-pharmacological means, and reduction of negative stimuli.

This is a clinical practice guideline for female patients aged 19 and older. The guideline provides recommendations on the screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of endometrial cancer. Prevention and risk reduction strategies are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline endorsement for people at risk for hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes. The guideline provides recommendations on prevention, screening, genetics, treatment, and management. Topics of interest addressed in the guideline include: tumour testing for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, genetic testing for Lynch syndrome, as well as follow-up recommendations in mutation carriers.

A clinical practice guideline for patients undergoing therapy for head and neck and gastrointestinal cancers. The guideline examines the prevention and management of mucositis through multiple medical and alternative interventions. Outcomes of interest include lack of benefit with sucralfate and improved basic oral care.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients at risk for and affected with Lynch syndrome. The guideline examines appropriate provision of genetic testing and management of patients. Important aspects include: ways to assess individuals for the risk of colorectal cancer, tumour testing, algorithms for genetic evaluation of affected and at-risk family members of pedigrees with Lynch syndrome, and the provision of diagnosis and management strategies to health-care providers caring for these patients.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. The guideline examines the continuum of care for lung cancer, including the importance of smoking cessation, staging investigations, surgery as a curative option, radiotherapy recommendations, and palliative care considerations. Outcomes of interest include survival benefits with non-surgical management, reduced side effects in second line therapies, and increased staging specificity.

A clinical practice guideline for the use of vitamins as a preventative measure in the general population, specifically healthy adults without special nutritional needs. The guideline examines the use of single and paired nutritional supplements to improve overall health and prevent cancer and/or heart disease. Outcomes of interest include increased risk factors and the potential variation of oxidative properties based on numerous underlying nutritive factors.

This guideline set provides recommendations on the management of skin cancers including melanoma and non-melanoma. Topics of discussion include potential precursors, surveillance and early detection, diagnosis and staging, and management. Additionally, referral information and management policies are discussed. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This guideline set provides recommendations on the management of musculoskeletal cancers including bone cancer and soft tissue sarcoma. Topics of discussion include prevention, diagnosis and staging, management, and follow-up. Additionally, diagnostic pathology, and treatment through chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are discussed. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This guideline set provides recommendations on the management of lung cancers including mesothelioma and thymomas. Topics of discussion include prevention, early detection, diagnosis and staging, and management. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This is a clinical practice guideline for breast cancer. The guideline examines demographics and risk factors, prevention, screening and early detection, diagnosis, staging, management, and follow-up. Other important aspects explored in the guideline include: upper extremity rehab after axillary dissection, exercise for cardiovascular fitness, as well as benefits, risks, and costs. Please note that the sub-sections within this guideline were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline was accessed online.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of penile cancers in adult male patients, focusing primarily on penile squamous cell carcinoma. The guideline examines the full continuum of cancer care for penile cancer patients, and provides a variety of treatment options based on staging and diagnosis. Outcomes of interest include improved functional and cosmetic treatment and reduced nodal recurrence.

A clinical practice guideline for patients at risk of developing melanoma due to the use of indoor tanning devices. The guideline examines risk due to use, impact of age, and frequency of use as it relates to cutaneous malignant melanoma. Outcomes of interest include relative risk and increased risk.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with or suspected of having basal cell carcinoma. The guideline reviews prognosis and risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up care, and prevention. Outcomes of interest include cure rate, recurrence, cost-effectiveness, and response rate.

This is a clinical practice guideline for female patients aged 19 and older. The guideline provides recommendations on screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancers. Prevention and risk reduction strategies are also reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline on catheter-related infections (CRIs) in patients with malignancies. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnosis, management, and prevention of CRI in cancer patients. Topics discussed in the guideline include: risk factors for CRI, surveillance, the selection of catheters and sites, as well as a section on related unresolved issues requiring further study.

This guideline set provides recommendations on the management of neurological cancers including five primary subgroups: astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. Topics of discussion include prevention, diagnosis and staging, management, and follow-up. Additionally, the use of corticosteroids and anticonvulsants are discussed. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This clinical practice guideline discusses cervical cancer control including: cervical cancer prevention and control programmes; community mobilization, education and counselling; HPV vaccination; screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer; diagnosis and treatment of invasive cervical cancer; and palliative care. Treatment options for special populations including women who are pregnant and women living with HIV are also reviewed.

A clinical practice guideline for patients who have undergone radiation or chemotherapy for head and neck cancers. The guideline examines appropriate follow-up screening, prevention, and treatment of post-therapy pain and complications, including dental complications and neuropathy. Outcomes of interest include improved patient education and longer term screening.

This is a clinical practice guideline for female patients aged 9 and above. The guideline provides recommendations on screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care of human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers including cervical, vaginal, and vulvar. Special topics of interest include an overview of HPV vaccines and a discussion on controversies in care, including screening intervals and age to stop screening.

This is a clinical practice guideline for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment, and possible prevention, of superficial skin cancers in immunosuppressed patients. The guideline considers PDT for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant recipients; PDT for field cancerization; as well as PDT for the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Other topics of interest include: topical PDT for infectious and inflammatory dermatoses acne; PDT for refractory hand and foot warts; as well as a discussion about the cost-effectiveness of PDT.

A clinical practice guideline for influenza immunization in patients undergoing cancer treatment or palliative cancer care. The guideline examines the use of live vaccines and timelines for immunization based on ongoing treatment. Outcomes of interest include higher immunization response and reduced disease transmission risk.

This is a clinical practice guideline for women 35 or older who have not had a previous diagnosis of breast cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on the use of medication for breast-cancer risk reduction, specifically the selective estrogen receptor modulators tamoxifen and raloxifene, in women with a high or low risk of breast cancer. Outcomes of interest include breast cancer incidence (invasive, non-invasive, estrogen receptor positive, and estrogen receptor negative) and adverse effects of medication.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients at high risk of developing lung cancer, or have evidence of premalignancy, or have previously had tobacco-related aero digestive cancer and are at risk for developing a second primary tumour. The guideline looks at various chemo preventive interventions for lung cancer. Outcomes of interest include smoking rates and lung risk factors, incidence, and mortality.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with leukemia or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation who are immunocompromised. The guideline examines the prevention and management of influenza in patients at high risk of morbidity and mortality, specifically diagnosis through reverse transcriptase multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Outcomes of interest include clarified vaccination timing and criteria and improved antiviral recommendations for neuraminidase inhibitors.

This is a clinical practice guideline for individuals at high risk of sustaining UV damage, leading to the development of skin cancer later in life. The guideline reviews risk assessment and sun protection strategies, and provides recommendations on counselling and interventions for limiting UV exposure in high-risk individuals, such as legislation on indoor tanning, policies on use of sun protection in high risk settings, social marketing and mass media campaigns, and education on sun protection. Outcomes of interest include effectiveness of interventions (measured by sunscreen use, use of hats, etc.), ultraviolet (UV) rates, and skin cancer rates.

A clinical practice guideline for the follow-up and surveillance of clinically localized renal cancers, not specifically including hereditary cancers. The guideline examines follow-up and continuing surveillance procedures based on prior treatment and patient history, specifically for surgical and ablative procedures. Outcomes of interest include effectiveness of screening tests, local and metastatic recurrence, metastatic progression, adverse events, and survival (overall and disease specific).

A clinical practice guideline for survivors of colorectal cancer. The guideline examines appropriate follow-up and surveillance for stage II and III cancer survivors, including appropriate timing, supportive care, and secondary prevention. Outcomes of interest include improved prevention through lifestyle changes and increasing carcinoembryonic antigen testing when necessary.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on pharmacologic interventions for breast cancer risk reduction in women with no personal history of breast cancer who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Tamoxifen, raloxifene, arzoxifene, lasofoxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole are examined as chemoprevention agents. Outcomes of interest include incidence of invasive and noninvasive breast cancer (including ductal carcinoma in situ), breast cancer–specific mortality, overall mortality, net health benefits, quality of life, and adverse events.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult women who are candidates for mastectomy, either for the treatment of breast cancer or for the prophylaxis of breast cancer in patients at high genetic risk. The guideline reviews eligibility for post-mastectomy breast reconstruction and provides recommendations on type and timing of reconstruction after review of the benefits and risks. Post-breast reconstruction surveillance is also reviewed. Outcomes of interest include post-reconstruction complications (short and long term), quality of life, local recurrence, failure rate, cost effectiveness, and aesthetic outcomes.

A professional guideline for health-care workers who may come into contact with cytotoxic drugs. The guideline examines safety measures, with particular attention paid to protective equipment, receiving, transport, and preparation. Outcomes of interest include reduced risk for pregnant workers and improved closed-system handling.

A clinical practice guideline for the use of dexamethasone in corticosteroid therapy for patients with high-grade gliomas. The guideline examines optimal dose ranges and adverse events associated with dexamethasone, and its overall management including tapering. Outcomes of interest include improved monitoring of and prevention of associated illnesses and improved follow-up for adrenal symptoms.

This is a clinical practice guideline for male and female adults without breast cancer who are at risk for developing breast cancer because of a family history of breast, ovarian or a related cancer, or for male and female adults with a diagnosis of breast cancer and a family history of breast, ovarian, or related cancers. The guideline provides recommendations on genetic testing thresholds, and strategies for surveillance, risk reduction and treatment. Outcomes of interest include incidence of familial breast cancer, mortality from breast cancer, health related quality of life, and clinical and cost effectiveness of interventions.

This is a clinical practice guideline on the prevention and detection of cervical cancer in non high-risk adult women. The guideline examines harms and benefits of screening, use of HPV testing and cytology as screening techniques, screening strategies for different age and risk groups, and management of abnormal screening results including colposcopy. Screening recommendations for women vaccinated against HPV16 and HPV18 are also discussed. Outcomes of interest include incidence and survival rate, sensitivity, specificity, and rate of false positives and negatives.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult males 18 years of age or older who are being assessed and monitored for prostate cancer. The guideline examines the effectiveness of drugs or nutritional supplements in reducing risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer-related death in patients without prostate cancer. Outcomes of interest include prostate cancer incidence and risk, mortality, and adverse effects of treatment.

A clinical practice guideline examining the risks and benefits of providing skin care counseling to children and adults as a preventative measure for skin cancer. The guideline examines the effectiveness of behavioural change interventions and effective counseling interventions for multiple age brackets. Areas of focus include recommendations for individuals with fair skin and sun-protective behaviours.

This is a clinical practice guideline for reproductive-aged women who have received diagnosis of or treatment for breast cancer. The guideline discusses post-treatment fertility and provides recommendations on specific contraceptive methods depending on factors such as tumour type and cancer treatment side effects. Outcomes of interest include adverse affects and mortality.

This clinical practice guideline is for cancer patients who are being considered for anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Treatment related infections are reviewed, including tuberculosis, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C, Varicella zoster virus, Herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus. The guideline discusses risk factors for developing infection, and provides recommendations on preventative measures such as vaccination for at-risk individuals.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with melanoma of the skin. The guideline examines management and daily practice support for melanoma, including genetic risk-based screening, and appropriate excision. Outcomes of interest include reduced recurrence through larger excision margins and improved prevention recommendations.

A clinical practice guideline for adult and pediatric patients with leukemia or undergoing stem cell transplantation who have contracted, or are at risk of contracting, adenovirus infections. The guideline examines diagnostic techniques, and appropriate antiviral therapy depending on prior treatment. Outcomes of interest include improved treatment of probable disease and improved preemptive treatment.

This is a clinical practice guideline on optimal perioperative care for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The guideline provides recommendations for pre- and perioperative care as well as surgical technique. Outcomes of interest include morbidity, recovery rate, and cost.

This is a clinical practice guideline for managing patients at high risk for breast cancer. The guideline examines potential chemopreventative treatments, specifically hormonal treatments, for all premenopausal patients ≥ 35 years of age and postmenopausal patients who are deemed high risk for possible breast cancer. Outcomes of interest include risk of recurrence and treatment side effects.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with malignant cancer at risk for venous thromboemboli. The guideline examines preventative treatments for patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical treatments. Outcomes of interest include treatment efficacy and adverse events.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other keratinocyte tumours. The guideline examines multiple treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and photodynamic therapy based on clinical presentation and prognosis. Outcomes of interest include primary prevention and improved lesion assessment.