This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE), which is the only identifiable premalignant condition for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The guideline examines endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) and its role in the management of BE-related neoplasia. Outcomes of interest include progression to cancer, cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, adverse events, and recurrence rates.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The guideline examines treatment options, including different chemotherapy regimens, and metastasectomy. Other topics of discussion include palliative chemotherapy regimens, and treatment of liver metastasis. Outcomes of interest include adverse effects, overall survival, and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The guideline examines risk factors and genetic predisposition, pancreatic cancer screening, diagnosis and staging, systemic therapy approaches, radiation and chemoradiation approaches, surveillance of patients with resected disease, as well as palliative and supportive care. Management of metastatic disease, locally advanced disease, resectable and borderline resectable disease, and recurrent disease after resection is also considered.

This is a clinical practice guideline discussing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in adults. Recommendations are made for three groups of patients, stratified by their risk of developing CRC: average risk, increased risk, and high risk syndromes. Screening modalities examined include structural screening tests, such as colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and computed tomographic colonography, as well as fecal-based tests, which include fecal occult blood test, and combined stool deoxyribonucleic acid/fecal immunochemical (DNA/FIT) tests.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of colon cancer. Recommendations are made for diagnosis, pathologic staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, surveillance, and management of recurrence. Principles for the management of metastatic disease are also provided.

This clinical practice guideline is for the management of squamous cell anal carcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations on staging, treatment, and follow-up. The effectiveness of treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are compared. Guidance is also provided on dosing regimens, treatment of recurrence, and surveillance following treatment of recurrence.

This is a clinical practice guideline for individuals with average, moderate, or high risk of developing colorectal cancer. The guideline the examines the appropriateness of various screening procedures including computed tomography (CT) colonography, X-ray barium enema double-contrast, magnetic resonance colonography, and X-ray barium enema single-contrast. The guideline also considers age, family medical history of colorectal cancer, and presence of other conditions or risk factors.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with squamous cell cancers (SCC) of the anal canal and perianal region. The guideline specifically examines management options for premalignant and malignant squamous neoplasms of the anus and perianal region. Recommendations are provided regarding screening options, primary treatment, and surveillance for SCC and perianal squamous cell cancers.

This is a clinical practice guideline for hepatobiliary cancers. The guideline examines the clinical management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), gallbladder cancer, as well as intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Risk factors, diagnosis, staging and prognosis, and treatment are discussed for the different conditions.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients living with HIV (PLWH) who are diagnosed with cancer. The guideline focuses primarily on PLWH who develop non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), anal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, or cervical cancer. General advice is also provided regarding HIV management during cancer therapy, in addition to topics such as drug-drug interactions (DDI) between antiretroviral treatments and cancer therapies, initial workup, radiation therapy, surgical management, and supportive care.

This is a clinical practice guideline for asymptomatic adults who are at average risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The guideline examines screening for CRC, and provides recommendations that are stratified by age.

This is a clinical practice guideline for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurring in adult patients with cirrhosis. The guideline examines techniques for surveillance and screening, diagnostic evaluation methods, and the various therapeutic options for the treatment of HCC. Outcomes of interest include the sensitivity and specific of screening tests, as well as morbidity, recurrence, and survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with a family history of nonhereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) or adenoma. The guideline discusses screening for CRC in these individuals, and provides specialized recommendations based on the number of affected relatives, whether or not the relatives have CRC or colorectal adenoma, the severity of the relatives' disease, as well as how related the relatives are to the patient (i.e. first degree versus second degree relatives).

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with suspected pancreatic cancer, or those with newly diagnosed or recurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations for the monitoring of people with an inherited high risk of pancreatic cancer. Recommendations are also made for diagnosis, staging, psychological support, pain and nutrition management, as well as management for resectable, borderline resectable, and unresectable cancer.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with neuroendocrine or adrenal tumours. The guideline discusses the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up of patients with sporadic neuroendocrine tumours, originating from organs such as the lungs, thymus, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The guideline also examines the role of the genetic syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), in developing parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreatic tumours.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults and children with gastric cancer. The guideline examines the pathology, initial workup, staging, treatment, follow-up, and supportive care of these patients. Treatment options discussed include lymph node dissection, laparoscopic resection, endoscopy, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy (preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative), and targeted therapies.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancer. The guideline examines the initial workup, histological staging, primary treatment, and follow-up of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Treatment modalities discussed include surgery, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of rectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations regarding diagnosis, pathologic staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, and patient surveillance. Outcomes of interest include safety and efficacy of treatment, adverse outcomes, and overall survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The guideline examines the goals of therapy, and provides recommendations for the treatment of patients with different stages of HCC, from very early stages to terminal stage. Outcomes of interest include rendering the patient free of disease, preventing recurrence, and improving quality of life.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the referral of patients with signs and/or symptoms of colorectal cancer (CRC) by family physicians and other primary care providers. The guideline reviews signs, symptoms, and other clinical features that may be indicative of CRC and that warrant additional investigation. Referral wait time recommendations are provided, along with recommendations to reduce diagnostic delay. Additionally, known risk factors that increase the likelihood of CRC in patients with signs and/or symptoms of CRC are reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline on the use of fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) in colorectal cancer screening. Guidance is provided on the application of FIT and FIT-based screening programs, including recommendations on the number of tests, screening intervals and cut-off values. The guideline also compares the effectiveness of FIT relative to other colorectal screening tests. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity, specificity and adherence rates.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the screening of colorectal cancer. Recommendations are provided for specific screening tests, and for the various approaches used to determine when and to whom screening should be offered. Screening tests discussed include colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical test, and computed tomography (CT) colonography. Cost issues, quality of screening, practical considerations, and family history are also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the assessment of patients who are at high risk for colorectal cancer due to genetic or familial factors. The guideline provides recommendations for the management of patients with high-risk syndromes, including Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS), Serrated Polyposis Syndrome (SPS), and other high-risk syndromes associated with colorectal cancer risk.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with early stage colon cancer. The guideline discusses diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment options. Recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy are presented, based on cancer stage.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with Stage I to IV gastric cancer (specifically gastric adenocarcinoma) who are being considered for surgery. The guideline examines the optimal techniques to adequately stage gastric cancer, and the optimal techniques of gastric cancer surgery with curative intent. The guideline also considers indications for surgery for Stage IV gastric cancer in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, and the relationship between surgical volumes and outcomes.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of adult patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment options based on stage of cancer. Specific topics discussed include management recommendations for unresectable adenocarcinoma, and toxicity-associated dose modification. Outcomes of interest include adverse events, overall survival, and quality of life.

This is a consensus statement providing recommendations to assist health care providers with the appropriate management of patients with biallelic mismatch repair deficiency (BMMRD) syndrome, also called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. The guideline outlines what is known about BMMRD, the unique genetic and clinical aspects of the disease, and reviews the current management approaches taken.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colorectal cancer, breast cancer, or cancers of the aerodigestive tract, who are being considered for treatment with fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil and capecitabine). The guideline provides recommendations for the interpretation of clinical dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) genotype tests so that the results can be used to guide fluoropyrimidine dosage. The primary outcome of interest is reduced toxicity among individuals with subnormal DPYD metabolism.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the assessment of liver metastases. The guideline provides recommendations regarding the appropriateness of imaging modalities and the optimization of imaging parameters for specific clinical scenarios, including diagnosis, staging, and surveillance. Outcomes of interest include accuracy in characterizing and detecting liver lesions, length of examination, and potential adverse health effects, as well as surveillance sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults and children with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Different variations of imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) are discussed. The guideline examines the appropriateness of these techniques for two clinical situations: during initial staging before treatment, and following neoadjuvant therapy to evaluate tumour resectability for borderline resectable tumours.

This clinical practice guideline is a focused update of the American Society of Clinical Oncology's 2016 guideline titled Potentially Curable Pancreatic Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. The update focuses solely on new evidence that pertains to clinical question 4 of the guideline: What is the appropriate adjuvant regimen for patients with pancreatic cancer who have undergone an R0 or R1 resection of their primary tumour? Outcomes of interest include treatment efficacy, and improved survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with colon cancer. The guideline examines the evaluation, staging, and treatment of these patients. Surgical treatment of the primary tumour is discussed, as well as treatment of tumour-related emergencies, management of stage 4 disease, management of locoregional recurrence, documentation, and adjuvant therapy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with Lynch syndrome (LS). The guideline examines screening, prevention, and treatment of cancer in these patients. Specifically, screening tests for endometrial, ovarian, gastric, small intestinal, pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancers, as well as cancers of the urinary tract, are discussed. Prophylactic hysterectomy and oophorectomy, tumour testing, germline testing, and LS management are also examined.

This clinical practice guideline is part three of a series focusing on the management of pancreatic cancer (PC). The guideline focuses on the neoadjuvant and induction therapies for PC and locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC). Comparisons are made between the clinical effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colorectal polyps. The guideline examines the use of polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in colonoscopy and for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Polyp classification, polypectomy for polyps smaller than 20mm, EMR for polyps 20mm or larger, technical considerations, adverse events, and histopathology are discussed.

This clinical practice guideline is part two of a series focusing on the management of pancreatic cancer (PC). The guideline focuses on the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, and provides recommendations regarding imaging tests such as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), positron emission tomography (PET), and laparoscopy. The use of serum biomarkers during diagnostic work-up, and tests to assess curative resectability of pancreatic tumours, are also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline focuses on molecular biomarker testing for patients with early and advanced colorectal cancer. The recommendations are intended to help establish standard molecular biomarker testing, guide decisions on whether or not to use epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy, and to ensure that the most effective and advance personalized care is delivered to patients.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations for the assessment of HER2 (or erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase (ERBB2)) mutations, while addressing which patients and tumour specimens are appropriate. Outcomes of interest include increased accuracy of HER2 testing, and increased utility for clinician decision-making.

This is a clinical practice guideline to guide appropriate prescribing of filgrastim in adults. The guidelines looks at a variety of disease sites and is intended as a guide to facilitate a shared approach to the appropriate use of filgrastim. In order provide clarity surrounding the indications in which filgrastim should be used, the recommendations are presented by disease site.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults (aged 18 and older) at any phase of the cancer care continuum regardless of cancer type, stage (including metastatic) or treatment plan, with some components of the guideline also applicable to the patient's family and/or caregivers. Recommendations are provided on implementation of the brief tobacco intervention using the evidence-based AAR Brief Tobacco Intervention Model which includes screening, education and assessment, treatment plan, and referral, monitoring, and follow-up. The 2015 guideline was revised in June 2016 to abbreviate the cessation intervention model to best support adoption across all CCA clinics and settings. Clinical considerations and contraindications of treatment options for cancer patients are discussed including nicotine replace therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, and e-cigarettes, and the impact of tobacco use on cancer treatment is reviewed with a specific focus on erlotinib and irinotecan.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours. The guideline examines appropriate imaging modalities, and treatment for newly diagnosed and metastatic tumours. Outcomes of interest include disease progression and recommended imaging.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the use of myeloid growth factors in adult patients with solid tumours and non-myeloid malignancies. Benefits and risks are reviewed, the role of biosimilars is discussed, and recommendations are provided for prophylactic and therapeutic uses of both granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors (CSFs). Recommendations are also given regarding the use of CSFs in the hematopoietic cell transplant setting. Outcomes of interest include efficacy of CSFs, mortality, length of hospitalization, toxicity, and adverse effects.

This is an update to the 2008 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation on screening for colorectal cancer. The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of screening with colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, computed tomography colonography, the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test, the fecal immunochemical test, the multitargeted stool DNA test, and the methylated SEPT9 DNA test in reducing the incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer or all-cause mortality. Other topics discussed in the guideline include: the harms of these screening tests; and the test performance characteristics of these tests for detecting adenomatous polyps; as well as information on optimal starting and stopping ages and screening intervals across the different available screening methods.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer. Radiotherapy alone is compared to chemoradiation for treatment of locally advanced disease, and preoperative therapy for borderline resectable disease is discussed. The guideline reviews neoadjuvant systemic therapy followed by local treatment and provides recommendations on chemotherapy regimes. Outcomes of interest include progression-free survival, median survival, 1-year survival, and local control.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the investigation, treatment, and follow-up care of patients aged 16 years and older with cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. HPV-related disease and less common upper aerodigestive tract cancers including carcinoma of the nasopharynx or paranasal sinuses, unknown primary of presumed upper aerodigestive tract origin, and mucosal melanoma, are also reviewed. Additionally, recommendations are provided on optimizing rehabilitation and function. Outcomes of interest include prevalence, predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, local control, survival (overall, progression-free), treatment-related morbidity and mortality, and resource use, among others.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults diagnosed with incurable gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. The guideline examines treatment options for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours and non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, somatostatin analogues and interferon, and combination therapy. Outcomes of interest include progression-free and overall survival, adverse events, and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The guideline examines different management options, including treatment via clinical trials, treatment chemotherapy, palliative chemotherapy, EGFR inhibitors, and regorafenib (as a fourth-line therapy). The guideline also discusses the need to test for Ras mutations before treatment. Outcomes of interest include treatment efficacy and improved survival outcomes.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with neoplasms causing biliary obstruction. The guideline examines the management of malignant biliary obstructions, including diagnostic work-up and treatment options. Recommendations are provided based on factors such as the resectability and location of the obstruction. Outcomes of interest include improved quality of life (QOL) and prolonged survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients in primary care settings or emergency departments who have signs and symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer (CRC). The guideline examines how to define expectations for primary care providers (PCPs), endoscopists, and radiologists regarding the appropriate work up of patients who have symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer, and outlines the communication expectations between PCPs, endoscopists, radiologists, and other health care providers and patients. Outcomes of interest include effective communication, as well as early and accurate diagnoses.

This is a clinical practice guideline for gastric cancer. The guideline provides an evidence- and consensus-based treatment approach for the management of patients with gastric cancer. Topic areas discussed within the guideline include: staging, principles of pathology, surgery, endoscopic therapies, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, and follow-up.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colon cancer. The guideline reviews risk assessment, TNM staging, and pathology, and provides recommendations on the clinical presentation and treatment of nonmetastatic disease as well as recommendations on management of metastatic disease. Treatment for locally recurrent disease and survivorship are also discussed, as is the role of vitamin D in colorectal cancer.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. The guideline reviews biomarkers, specifically carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and SMAD4 (DPC4), as well as other prognostic factors such as resection margin status and lymph node involvement. Adjuvant therapy, neoadjuvant therapy, and radiotherapy are discussed as treatment options, taking patient risk factors for local recurrence into consideration.

This clinical practice guideline discusses the evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected solid pancreatic neoplasia. The guideline reviews presentation and clinical evaluation of pancreatic neoplasia, and provides an overview of radiologic and endoscopic modalities for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, neuroendocrine tumours (NETS) of the pancreas, solid pseudopapillary tumours (SPTs), metastatic disease, and lymphoma. Screening for pancreatic cancer is also discussed. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity and specificity, as well as adverse events.

This is a clinical practice guideline for palliative oncology patients 18 years of age or older with low grade/ low volume/ malignancy-associated urogenital or gastrointestinal bleeding, or with malignant gastrointestinal obstruction, compression or invasion. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with or without , brachytherapy, stent placement, and surgical bypass are discussed as therapeutic options. Outcomes of interest include clinical improvement of symptoms, quality of life, and survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the screening, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. This guideline provides recommendations on issues including: multiple endocrine neoplasia, surveillance of resected neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, and thymus, and genetic counseling/testing in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas. Most of the guideline sections pertain to well-differentiated, low- to intermediate-grade tumors, although poorly differentiated/high-grade/large or small cell carcinomas are also addressed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. This clinical practice guideline addresses six overarching clinical questions: After a histopathologic confirmation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma diagnosis, what initial assessment is recommended before initiating any therapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer? What is the appropriate first-line treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer? What is the appropriate therapy for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer who experience either disease progression or intolerable toxicity with prior regimens for metastatic pancreatic cancer? When should the concept of palliative care be introduced? For patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, what are the recommended strategies for relief of pain and symptoms? What is the recommended frequency of follow-up care/surveillance for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer?

This guideline discusses the clinical standards of care for the treatment of rectal cancer in Nova Scotia with all aspects of rectal cancer care covered, from diagnosis to survivorship and/or palliation. This includes recommended standards for professionals involved in care, pretreatment investigations, and surgical, neo-adjuvant, and adjuvant treatments. Other topics covered include lynch syndrome screening and referral to medical genetics. Psychosocial health services and supportive care recommendations are also reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colon cancer or adenocarcinomas of the small bowel and appendix. The guideline reviews staging, pathology, clinical presentation and treatment of nonmetastatic disease, management of metastatic disease, post-treatment surveillance, and survivorship. The role of vitamin D in colorectal cancer is also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with rectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on use of MRI for staging, optimal surgical techniques for patients with T1-T2 anal cancer with comparisons made between local resection or transanal endoscopic microsurgical resection and radical resection, and the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients who have received neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, disease free, metastasis-free, local recurrence free), and quality of life.

This guideline aims to described the role of esophageal stents in patients with malignant or benign esophageal disease and makes recommendations on circumstances that warrant their use. Questions addressed in this guideline include: what are the results for palliative stent placement compared to other treatment modalities; what are the short-term and long-term adverse events of stent placement; and can stents be used to treat benign esophageal leaks and perforations.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with anal carcinoma. Risk factors are discussed and recommendations are provided on risk reduction including HIV immunization, work up, management, and follow-up care. Treatment options are reviewed, with specific recommendations provided for primary treatment of: non-metastatic anal carcinoma, anal canal cancer, and anal margin cancer, as well as treatment for metastatic cancer and for locally progressive or recurrent anal carcinoma. Special considerations are made regarding treatment of anal cancer in patients with HIV/AIDS.

This clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations to oncologists and others for treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer (LAPC). The guideline addresses a number of key clinical questions including: what initial assessment is recommended before initiating therapy for LAPC; what is the appropriate initial treatment approach for people diagnosed with LAPC; and for people with LAPC, what are the recommended strategies for relief of pain and symptom burden.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients at average or increased risk of developing sporadic colorectal cancer (patients with high risk colorectal cancer syndromes are not discussed). The guideline discusses risk assessment and provides recommendations for screening modality and schedule stratified by risk. Patients with increased risk include those with a personal history of adenomatous or sessile serrated polyps, colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and/or positive family history of colorectal cancer. Screening tests include colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy computed tomographic colonography, and fecal-based screening.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the staging and treatment of colorectal cancer. The guideline focuses on surgical and pathological considerations for the resection of colorectal cancer and provides recommendations on the technique and extent of resection, as well as the reporting of resection results. Outcomes of interest include overall survival, disease-free survival, recurrence rates, and margin status.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the screening of colorectal cancer in asymptomatic adults. The guideline discusses colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, computed tomography colonography, the guaiac-based fecal occult blood test, the fecal immunochemical test, the multitargeted stool DNA test, and the methylated SEPT9 DNA test as methods of screening. Outcomes of interest include reductions in all-cause mortality, mortality from colorectal cancer, and incidence of colorectal cancer. Screening intervals, age of initiation, and age of termination are determined for different screening methods, via a modeling approach.

This clinical practice guideline examines the impact of fertility drugs on the risk of cancer in women. The guideline looks at the association between use of fertility drugs and increased risk of developing invasive ovarian, breast, endometrial, colon and thyroid cancers as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and malignant melanoma. The association between fertility drugs and borderline ovarian tumours is also examined.

This guideline provides recommendations on fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) in screening for colorectal neoplasia. The guideline summarizes current evidence for FIT in colorectal neoplasia detection and the comparative effectiveness of FIT relative to other common screening modalities. Guidance statements on FIT application are developed and quality metrics for program implementation are proposed.

This guideline addresses diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of thyroid nodular disease; thyroid cancer management is not addressed. The guideline provides recommendations on clinical evaluation and diagnosis, thyroid ultrasonography and other imaging studies, thyroid biopsy, laboratory evaluation, radionuclide scanning, and management and therapy of nodules. Special topics of consideration are thyroid nodules during pregnancy and management of thyroid nodules in children.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Recommendations are stratified by histologic type, namely papillary, follicular, Hürthle cell, medullary, and anaplastic. Primary treatment options and assessment and management after initial treatment is reviewed. Recurrent or persistent disease is also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline reviews diagnosis and management of adenocarcinomas of the exocrine pancreas. Risk factors and genetic predisposition are discussed, and the guideline provides recommendations on screening, diagnosis and staging, and treatment options including systemic therapy, chemoradiation, and surgical management. Palliative and supportive care are also reviewed. Topics of interest include an overview of biomarkers, and suggestions for management of premalignant tumours of the pancreas.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancers, including: a review of hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes associated with increased risk for esophageal and EGJ cancers, staging and pathology, imaging, and treatment including surgery, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Surveillance, management of metastatic, or recurrent cancer, and best supportive care are also discussed. Special topics of interest include treatment and surveillance options for patients with Barrett's esophagus, and suggested strategies to help alleviate the current problems associated with leucovorin shortage.

This is a clinical practice guideline provides evidence-based recommendations to oncologists and others on potentially curative therapy for patients with localized pancreatic cancer. Key recommendations are guided by questions including: what initial assessment is recommended before initiating any therapy for potentially curable pancreatic cancer; what is the appropriate adjuvant regimen for patients with pancreatic cancer who have undergone a resection of their primary tumor; and when should palliative care services be initiated for people with pancreatic cancer that is potentially curable by surgery.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on colorectal screening for patients with high-risk syndromes of inherited colon cancer. Recommendations are provided for management of Lynch syndrome, FAP, MAP, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), SPS, and other high-risk syndromes associated with CRC risk (Li-Fraumeni syndrome [LFS] and Cowden syndrome/PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome [PHTS]). Topics of discussion include risk assessment and genetic counselling, diagnosis, and preventative treatment options.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with clinically resectable or resected stage II or III rectal cancer. The guideline reviews the use of pre- and post-operative therapy including chemotherapy and radiotherapy as treatment options. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, cause-specific), quality of life, acute and late toxicities, and postoperative morbidity (within 30 days of surgery).

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations for follow-up care, surveillance protocol, and secondary prevention measures for survivors of colorectal cancer. The guideline addresses the following questions which include: what evaluations (e.g., colonoscopy, computed tomography [CT], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], liver function, complete blood count [CBC], chest x-ray, history, physical exam) should be performed for surveillance for recurrence of cancer? What is a reasonable frequency of these evaluations for surveillance? Which symptoms and/or signs potentially signify a recurrence of CRC and warrant investigation?

This is a clinical practice guideline for the pretreatment staging of colorectal cancer. Recommendations are made with consideration of two different variants of colorectal cancer: 1. rectal cancer, locoregional staging, and 2. colorectal cancer, staging for distant metastases. The guideline provides recommendations as to the appropriate imaging modalities to be used in the initial staging of colorectal cancer.

This is an update to the 2009 recommendation on aspirin use to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and the 2007 recommendation on aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). The recommendations apply to adults aged 40 years or older without known CVD and without increased bleeding risk. Recommendations include consideration of the aspirin dosage as well as the benefits and harms of initiating aspirin use.

This is a clinical practice guideline for asymptomatic adults aged 50 years and older who are not at high risk for colorectal cancer. The guideline provides screening recommendations stratified by age group (aged 50-74, and 74 and older). Various screening procedures are discussed and compared including fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT), fecal immunochemical testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. Outcomes of interest include mortality and morbidity, adverse outcomes of screening procedures, test sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the surveillance of patients after colorectal cancer (CRC) resection with curative intent. This guideline focuses on the role of colonoscopy in patients after CRC resection. It also considers the possible adjunctive roles of fecal testing and CTC. Overall, the goal of the guideline is to provide recommendations regarding the role of colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, EUS, fecal testing, and CTC in surveillance after surgical resection of CRC.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over 18 years of age with esophageal cancer, including both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic work-up, staging, treatment options for potentially curable cancer stratified by stage, and management options for incurable cancer. Esophagectomy, endoscopic therapy, primary chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy, pre-operative chemoradiotherapy followed by esophagectomy and pre-operative chemotherapy are discussed, as well as supportive care. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, progression-free, 5-year), morbidity, toxicity, and rate of sudden death.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with a variety of cancers, including lung, liver, and kidney tumours, with a specific focus on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver metastases. The guideline examines the effectiveness of thermal ablation, which encompasses radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation, as well as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), alone or in combination with other strategies. The guideline outlines patient clinical criteria, criteria for service providers, and system-level criteria.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the use of GI endoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of pancreatic neoplasms. Diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is discussed, as is use of EUS-guided-fine needle aspiration (FNA) to determine cytology, chemistries and tumour markers such as CEA, as well as cyst fluid DNA and molecular analysis. Other topics of discussion include emerging techniques for cyst evaluation, adverse events fro EUS, diagnosis by ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography), and endoscopic treatment of cystic lesions.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. The guideline considers the value of liver biopsy for fibrosis evaluation and compares it to other non-invasive tests. The guideline developers considered a number of different questions including: what are the currently available non-invasive tests; how do serum biomarkers perform for staging liver fibrosis; and what are the indications for non-invasive tests for staging liver disease in viral hepatitis.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome in patients without a personal history of colorectal or another cancer but with a family history suggestive of Lynch syndrome, as well as for patients with colorectal cancer with IHC absent for MLH1. Management of the risk of colorectal cancer for patients with Lynch syndrome is also discussed with a review of surveillance colonoscopy and recommendations on the use of aspirin as a preventative measure for cancer. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity, specificity, false-positive and false-negative rates of diagnostic tests, as well as psychological distress/quality of life, colorectal cancer incidence, staging, and mortality, Lynch-syndrome associated cancer incidence and mortality, surgical complications from colonoscopy, and costs.

A clinical practice guideline for adult patients with renal cancer. The guideline examines treatment through surgery and ablative therapy, diagnosis, and follow-up. Outcomes of interest include improved prediction of cancer-specific survival through Karakiewicz nomograms and improved evidence for microwave ablation.

This clinical practice guideline reviews diagnosis and management of adenocarcinomas of the exocrine pancreas. Risk factors and genetic predisposition are discussed, and the guideline provides recommendations on screening, diagnosis and staging, and treatment options including systemic therapy, chemoradiation, and surgical management. Palliative and supportive care are also reviewed. Topics of interest include an overview of biomarkers, and suggestions for management of premalignant tumours of the pancreas.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colon cancer or adenocarcinomas of the small bowel and appendix. The guideline reviews staging, pathology, clinical presentation and treatment of nonmetastatic disease, management of metastatic disease, post-treatment surveillance, and survivorship. The role of vitamin D in colorectal cancer is also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline is for the treatment of patients with stage II and III colon cancer who have undergone complete resection with curative intent. The guideline examines the impact of different adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Outcomes of interest include overall survival, disease-free survival, adverse events, and quality of life.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer in adult patients. Imaging procedures for staging are discussed with comparisons made between ultrasound, MRI, and CT scan. Treatment options include neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy as well as rectal cancer surgery, specifically total mesorectal excision (TME). Surgical management of recurrent rectal adenocarcinoma is also discussed.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. The guideline examines the use of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients who had received, or were intolerant to, gemcitabine-based therapy. Outcomes of interest include progression-free and overall survival.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment options are discussed including surgical resection, transplantation, local ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, external-beam radiation therapy, systemic therapies, preemptive antiviral therapy, and drug treatment for cancer pain. Assessment of tumour response and post-treatment follow-up are also reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. The guideline reviews methods to identify and manage any physical and psychosocial long-term and late effects of CRC and its treatment, recommendations on surveillance for recurrence and screening for second primary cancers, and health promotion recommendations with detailed discussion about obesity, physical activity, nutrition, and smoking cessation. The guideline also discusses coordination of care among specialists and primary care providers.

A clinical practice guideline for adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The guideline examines treatment, primarily though palliative chemotherapy regimens. Outcomes of interest include delayed disease progression through monoclonal antibodies and improved treatment planning through the identification of RAS testing.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colon cancer. The guideline reviews risk assessment, TNM staging, and pathology, and provides recommendations on the clinical presentation and treatment of nonmetastatic disease as well as recommendations on management of metastatic disease. Treatment for locally recurrent disease and survivorship are also discussed, as is the role of vitamin D in colorectal cancer.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with early rectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnosis, staging, and treatment. Local excision, rectal resection, and total mesorectal excision are discussed as surgical options, and laparoscopic and open approaches to abdominal surgery are compared. The use of neoadjuvant (chemo) radiation therapy is also discussed. Outcomes of interest include diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of diagnostic and staging procedures, local recurrence, survival (5-year, overall, disease free), distant metastases rate, morbidity, and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with resectable gastric cancer. The guideline discusses treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and combined modality treatments such as definitive chemoradiotherapy, preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and postoperative chemoradiotherapy. The guideline also provides an overview of radiation therapy techniques.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu positive locally advanced, recurrent or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. The guideline examines the use of trastuzumab in conjunction with cisplatin and fluorouracil or capecitabine as a first-line treatment. Outcomes of interest include progression-free and overall survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the use of endoscopic approaches in the evaluation and treatment of ampullary adenomas. The guideline discusses evaluation of ampullary lesions before endoscopic therapy, the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in assessment, and endoscopic resection. The role of EUS in management of duodenal adenomas is also examined. Adverse events and post-procedural care and surveillance are also addressed.

A clinical practice guideline for laparoscopic liver resection. The guideline examines best practices for major and minor resections, including approaches, surgical safety, and potential adverse events. Outcomes of interest include operative mortality, postoperative complications, length of stay, and overall survival.

This clinical practice guideline reviews the use of imatinib in the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) expressing KIT (CD117+). Recommendations are provided on dosage and schedule. Outcomes of interest include overall and progression free survival, and quality of life.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on colorectal screening for patients with high-risk syndromes of inherited colon cancer. Recommendations are provided for management of Lynch syndrome, FAP, MAP, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), SPS, and other high-risk syndromes associated with CRC risk (Li-Fraumeni syndrome [LFS] and Cowden syndrome/PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome [PHTS]). Topics of discussion include risk assessment and genetic counselling, diagnosis, and preventative treatment options.

This is a clinical practice guideline for gastric cancer. The guideline provides an evidence- and consensus-based treatment approach for the management of patients with gastric cancer. Topic areas discussed within the guideline include: staging, principles of pathology, surgery, endoscopic therapies, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, and follow-up.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with anal carcinoma. Risk factors are discussed and recommendations are provided on risk reduction including HIV immunization, work up, management, and follow-up care. Treatment options are reviewed, with specific recommendations provided for primary treatment of: non-metastatic anal carcinoma, anal canal cancer, and anal margin cancer, as well as treatment for metastatic cancer and for locally progressive or recurrent anal carcinoma. Special considerations are made regarding treatment of anal cancer in patients with HIV/AIDS.

A clinical practice guideline for the surveillance and management of patients with dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease at risk of developing colorectal cancer. The guideline examines appropriate colonoscopy procedures, predominantly chromoendoscopy, and management through the resection of lesions. Outcomes of interest include increased surveillance and detection through high definition colonoscopies.

A clinical practice guideline for the screening, diagnosis, and management of colon ischemia associated with colorectal cancer. The guideline examines appropriate CT or MRI imaging, colonoscopic diagnosis, and severity-based treatments including surgical intervention and antimicrobials. Outcomes of interest include decreased bacterial translocations and improved assessment of surgical risk.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The guideline reviews the safe administration of Panitumumab or Cetuximab (anti-EGFR therapy). Monitoring and treatment of adverse treatment effects are reviewed, including cutaneous toxicities, diarrhea, hypomagnesemia, fatigue, asthenia, lethargy, or malaise, hypersensitivity reactions, and interstitial lung disease.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with stage IV or advanced, unresectable colorectal carcinoma. The guideline examines the use of cetuximab as a third-line therapy once other therapies, including fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatin, or irinotecan, had been tried or when patients are intolerant to other options. Outcomes of interest include progression-free and overall survival.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of adult patients with unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours. The guideline states that unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours are often resistant to traditional methods of treatment like conventional chemotherapy. As such, the guideline focuses on the benefits and harms of imatinib mesylate as a form of treatment. The guideline therefore considers whether treatment with imatinib mesylate has a benefit in terms of tumour response, disease progression, survival or quality of life.

This guideline provides recommendations on the use of advanced practice nurses (APNs) to optimize patient, provider, and health system outcomes across the cancer care continuum. Specifically, the guideline reviews patient populations and situations (types of needs, practice settings, phase of the cancer care continuum) for which APN roles have demonstrated equivalent or improved outcomes, or reduced harms in cancer care. Outcomes of interest include quality of life, physical, functional, psychosocial, and mental health, as well as morbidity, mortality, symptom management, patient and provider satisfaction, health care utilization, costs, and quality of care.

A clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis and possible development of bile duct and colon cancers. The guideline examines diagnosis through biochemical tests, autoantibodies and imaging as well as the lack of established medical treatments. Outcomes of interest include improved jaundice, reduced hospitalizations, and improved recommendations for reducing colonic malignancy risks.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of Barrett's Esophagus (BE). The purpose of this guideline is to review the definition and epidemiology of BE, available screening modalities for BE detection, rationale and methods for surveillance, and available treatment modalities including medical, endoscopic, and surgical techniques. These 2015 guidelines differ markedly from their 2008 predecessor in several areas including: the expanded use of endoscopic ablative therapy, further refinement of screening recommendations, and a better understanding of the impact of gender and anthropomorphics on risk.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults (aged 18 and older) at any phase of the cancer care continuum regardless of cancer type, stage (including metastatic) or treatment plan, with some components of the guideline also applicable to the patient's family and/or caregivers. The guideline provides recommendations on implementation of the brief tobacco intervention, using the evidence-based 5 A’s model (ASK, ADVISE, ASSESS, ASSIST, ARRANGE) which includes screening, education and assessment, treatment plan, and referral, monitoring, and follow-up. Clinical considerations and contraindications of treatment options for cancer patients are discussed including nicotine replace therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, and e-cigarettes. The impact of tobacco use on cancer treatment is also reviewed with a specific focus on erlotinib and irinotecan.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Recommendations are stratified by histologic type, namely papillary, follicular, Hürthle cell, medullary, and anaplastic. Primary treatment options and assessment and management after initial treatment is reviewed. Recurrent or persistent disease is also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancers, including: a review of hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes associated with increased risk for esophageal and EGJ cancers, staging and pathology, imaging, and treatment including surgery, radiation therapy, combined modality therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Surveillance, management of metastatic, or recurrent cancer, and best supportive care are also discussed. Special topics of interest include treatment and surveillance options for patients with Barrett's esophagus, and suggested strategies to help alleviate the current problems associated with leucovorin shortage.

This clinical practice guideline looks at the use of somatostatin analogues in management of neuroendocrine tumours. Topics reviewed include the use of somatostatin analogues for management of secretory syndromes as a result of tumours, the effectiveness in use for delaying tumour progression, and effectiveness in use for management of carcinoid heart disease. Otreotide is looked at for effectiveness in management of symptoms secondary to elevated calcitonin in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Outcomes of interest include treatment response, survival, and adverse events.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult women (18 years and older) either without breast cancer or with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer, who have a family history of breast, ovarian or a related cancer; the guideline also provides recommendations for men affected by male breast cancer. The guideline discusses oncogenetic testing aspects of breast cancer and ovarian, specifically hereditary breast cancer, the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and the Cowden syndrome. Topics include criteria and indications for genetic testing, tests for which genes have clinical utility, and appropriate follow-up depending on results and family history.

This clinical practice guideline discusses the use of endoscopy in patients with malignant and premalignant conditions of the stomach including gastric polyps, gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), pernicious anemia, gastric carcinoid tumours, adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and GI stromal tumours (GISTs). Surveillance endoscopy, staging ultrasound, biopsy, polypectomy, resection (surgical and endoscopic), and open gastrojejunostomy are discussed. Outcomes of interest include risk factors for dysplasia and gastric cancer, as well as survival rate, accuracy of staging techniques, and treatment complication rate.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) without dysplasia and BE with dysplasia and/or early esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Topics of discussion include: endoscopic and histological definitions of BE and early EAC; prevalence, incidence, natural history, and risk factors for BE and early EAC; and management of BE and early EAC, including modification of lifestyle factors, screening, surveillance, and medical, endoscopic, and surgical interventions.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the surveillance of patients after curative treatment of colon and rectal cancer. The guideline outlines different surveillance schedules, and offers recommendations for surveillance based on factors including: underlying risk for recurrence, patient comorbidity, and the ability to tolerate major surgery to resect recurrent disease or palliative chemotherapy, performance status, physiologic age, preference, and compliance.

This clinical practice guideline discusses the use of endoscopy for the evaluation and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a review of endoscopic approaches for general management of IBD and recommendations for screening and surveillance of colorectal cancer. Timing of screening colonoscopy and surveillance intervals are reviewed, and surveillance procedures are discussed with comparisons made between random biopsies, white light biopsy, and surface chromoendoscopy. The guideline also provides recommendations on the management of abnormal findings including endoscopically visible lesions and dysplasia. Additional topics of interest include pouch surveillance and stricture evaluation and dilation.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with well or moderately differentiated (grade 1 or 2) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs). The guideline reviews the use of targeted therapies for PNETs including sunitinib malate, everolimus, and combination treatment with capecitabine/temozolomide. Recommendations are provided on use, dose, and schedule. Outcomes of interest include progression free survival (versus placebo) and toxicity.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The guideline discusses diagnostic workup, treatment options for potentially curable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, and management of unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas including locally advanced and metastatic disease. Surgical and first and second line systemic treatment options are discussed. Toxicity of systemic therapy regimes is also reviewed.

This clinical practice guideline discusses genetic testing for patients diagnosed with or suspected of having hereditary endocrine cancer syndromes, specifically multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome, and paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma. Indications for genetic testing of relatives of patients is also reviewed. Genetic testing for Succinate Dehydrogenase B, C and D (SDHB, SDHC, SDHD), menin, VHL and RET mutations are discussed. Outcomes of interest include diagnostic accuracy, health outcomes, and psychosocial outcomes.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with or at risk of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes including lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Cowden syndrome, serrated (hyperplastic) polyposis syndrome, hereditary pancreatic cancer, and hereditary gastric cancer. The guideline reviews initial assessment, genetic testing for a germline mutation when indicated, pre- and post-test genetic counselling, and management of patients who meet clinical criteria for a syndrome as well as those with identified pathogenic germline mutations. Outcomes of interest include cancer risk, quality of life, and survival benefit from surveillance.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The guideline examines the use of folfirinox - a combination of fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, leucovorin and irinotecan - as a first-line treatment. Outcomes of interest include progression-free and overall survival.

This clinical practice guideline discusses the use of deep enteroscopy (DE) in the management of small-bowel disorders including diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of small-bowel tumours. The guideline compares different DE techniques including double-balloon enteroscope (DBE) single-balloon enteroscope (SBE), and the Endo-Ease Discovery SB (SE). Safety and efficacy are the primary outcomes of interest.

This is a clinical practice guideline for management of colorectal polyps. In recognizing an increase in the morbidity of colorectal polyp in Japan, this guideline seeks to provide recommendations for endoscopic management and surveillance after treatment. Guideline developers created a number of clinical questions and statements for the current concept and diagnosis/treatment of various colorectal polyps including epidemiology, screening, pathophysiology, definition and classification, diagnosis, treatment/management, practical treatment, complications and surveillance after treatment, and other colorectal lesions (submucosal tumors, non-neoplastic polyps, polyposis, hereditary tumors, ulcerative colitis-associated tumor/carcinoma).

This is a clinical practice guideline for the treatment of colorectal cancer. The overarching aim of the guideline is to provide standard treatment strategies for colorectal cancer, to eliminate treatment disparities among institutions, to eliminate unnecessary treatment and insufficient treatment, and to deepen mutual understanding among health-care professionals and patients. Issues addressed include: surgical treatment, treatment strategies after resection, as well as palliative care options.

A clinical practice guideline for the radiologic management of hepatic malignancies. The guideline examines disease variants and potential treatment, including transplantation, ablative therapies, and systemic therapies. Outcomes of interest include long-term survival and reduced toxicity.

A clinical practice guideline for the use of colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with colorectal cancer. The guideline examines diagnostic indications, perioperative diagnosis, treatment techniques, and postoperative care. Outcomes of interest include recurrence, curability, and delayed bleeding/perforation.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of biliary tract cancers. The guidelines consist of algorithms that outline diagnosis and treatment followed by clinical questions regarding seven topics: prophylactic treatment, diagnosis, biliary drainage, surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and pathology. Recommendations are therefore drawn from these clinical questions, and include recommendations as to what the first step in the diagnosis of the biliary tract cancers is, what the appropriate procedure for preoperative biliary drainage is and when it should be performed, and whether radiation therapy is useful for patients with unresectable biliary tract cancer.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults over the age of 18 years with Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. The guideline provides recommendations on staging and work-up, treatment options including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and follow-up care. The guideline also provides recommendations on management of recurrences, and reviews sentinel lymph node biopsy protocol.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with pancreatic cysts. The guideline evaluates the evidence for diagnosing and managing pancreatic cysts. Important aspects discussed in the guideline include the taking of a detailed patient history, the use of imaging, and surgery. Outcomes of interest include the prevention of mortality from cystadenocarcinoma, the appropriateness of surgical intervention, and the progression of malignancy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients at average or increased risk of developing sporadic colorectal cancer (patients with high risk colorectal cancer syndromes are not discussed). The guideline discusses risk assessment and provides recommendations for screening modality and schedule stratified by risk. Patients with increased risk include those with a personal history of adenomatous or sessile serrated polyps, colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and/or positive family history of colorectal cancer. Screening tests include colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy computed tomographic colonography, and fecal-based screening.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients of all age groups suspected of having cancers including lung and pleural, upper gastro-intestinal, lower gastrointestinal, breast, gynecological, urological, skin, head and neck, brain and central nervous system, haematological, sarcomas, and childhood cancers. Recommendations are provided on recognition and referral or investigations of cancer in primary care. Outcomes of interest include quality of life, sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests and signs/symptoms, positive and negative predictive values of diagnostic tests and signs/symptoms, and cost effectiveness.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with recurrent rectal cancer. The guideline examines the appropriateness of treatment strategies including reirradiation, intraoperative radiotherapy, permanent seed implants, stereotactic body radiotherapy, and particle therapy. The effectiveness or radiation versus chemoradiation and the importance of preoperative or definitive radiation in these patients is also considered.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of esophageal cancer. The guideline examines pre-treatment workup, staging, and treatment, primarily through surgical methods. Outcomes of interest include more complete esophageal dissection and clarified options for palliative care.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients suspected of having or diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Recommendations are provided for diagnostic biochemical testing, imaging studies, genetic testing, perioperative medical management, and surgery. The guideline also discusses personalized management of PPGLs with recognition of the distinct genotype-phenotype presentations of hereditary PPGLs. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity of diagnostic tests, rates of metastasis or recurrence after treatment, and peri- and post-operative complications.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with or suspected of having intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). The guideline discusses iCCA incidence, risk factors, and molecular pathogenesis, and provides recommendations on diagnostic assessment, staging, and management. Treatment options including surgery, liver transplantation, loco-regional therapy, and systemic therapy are discussed. Outcomes of interest include survival (recurrence-free, median, three-year, five-year), quality of life, and toxicity.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with suspected colorectal neoplasia. The guideline examines diagnosis and differentiation through endoscopic imaging, including virtual and conventional methods. Outcomes of interest include improved lesion characterization and improved detection of hereditary syndromes.

A clinical practice guideline for adult and pediatric hepatocellular cancer patients. The guideline examines assessment and treatment for both curative and non-curative therapies. Outcomes of interest include clarified follow-up timing and early involvement of supportive care.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with biliary tract and gall bladder cancers. The guidelines examines assessment and treatment based on disease staging or re-staging, primarily thought chemotherapy or surgery. Outcomes of interest include improved nutritional supplementation and reduced need for follow-up imaging.

A clinical practice guideline for adult patients with locally advanced, unresectable, and recurrent thymoma. The guideline examines treatment options, primarily surgical resection, as well as preferred approaches to therapy. Outcomes of interest include ranged overall survival, and improved recommendations for patients medically unfit for surgery.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with advanced (non-resectable; either locally advanced or metastatic) adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction (but not with squamous cell carcinoma). The guideline provides recommendations on chemotherapy treatment with review of chemotherapy agents by class, as well as comparison of 5-fluorouracil (CIV)/epirubicin/cisplatin regimens vs. other chemotherapy. The guideline also discusses the contribution of targeted therapies. Outcomes of interest including overall survival, objective response rate (complete plus partial response), time to disease progression, adverse effects, and quality of life.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer. The guideline examines the management of thyroid cancer from diagnosis to follow-up, with specific focus on radioiodine remnant ablation and appropriate post-treatment follow-up. Outcomes of influence include improved outcomes in total thyroidectomy and improved personalised decision making.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with rectal cancer who are newly diagnosed. The guideline provides recommendations on investigations to assess for metastases and synchronous lesions, imaging for local staging, optimal MRI protocol and criteria for local staging, optimal MRI criteria to select patients for neoadjuvant therapy, the role of multidisciplinary cancer conferences and the role of restaging MRI after neoadjuvant therapy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with anal canal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations for the pre-treatment evaluation, staging, and treatment options. Recommendations include a consideration of the appropriateness of x-ray, CT, and MRI; the American Joint Commission on Cancer pathological staging system; as well as resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

A clinical practice guideline for adult patients with unresectable or metastatic/recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumours that have become resistant or intolerant to imatinib mesylate. The guideline examines the efficacy of sunitinib malate as an alternative, and reviews what dosing regimens could be observed. Outcomes of interest include partial response, but no difference in quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and associated malignancies in adult patients with HIV. The guideline examines the most common HIV associated cancers, Kaposi sarcoma, high grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and invasive cervical cancer, as well as a number of other cancers with higher risk profiles in HIV patients. Outcomes of interest include improved treatment options in consideration of HAART and increased prophylactic options in low-risk patients, specifically with regards to lifestyle changes and vaccinations.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients who are Rearranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene mutation carriers. The guideline provides recommendations on the timing and extent of thyroid surgery. Recommendations are stratified by patient risk with considerations made to genetic characteristics, patient age at diagnosis, and calcitonin levels at the time of decision making. Postoperative management and follow-up is also discussed. Outcomes of interest include risk of metastasis and risks of extended surgery (including permanent hypoparathyroidism and permanent paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve).

This is a clinical practice guideline for individuals with or suspected of having Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The guideline provides recommendations on diagnosis, surgical treatment, and follow-up care. The use of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the management of individuals with metastatic MTC is also discussed. The appropriate use of RET proto-oncogene molecular testing during diagnostic assessment is discussed, and the potential value in the use of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors as a treatment option is reviewed. Outcomes of interest include survival rate (median, overall, 10-year, progression-free), sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests, cure rate, rate of remission, and recurrence rate.

This is a clinical practice guideline for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The guideline provides recommendations for extended pancreatectomy. Related topics examined in this guideline include: resectability, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and prognosis.

This is a clinical practice guideline endorsement for people at risk for hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes. The guideline provides recommendations on prevention, screening, genetics, treatment, and management. Topics of interest addressed in the guideline include: tumour testing for DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, genetic testing for Lynch syndrome, as well as follow-up recommendations in mutation carriers.

A clinical practice guideline for patients undergoing therapy for head and neck and gastrointestinal cancers. The guideline examines the prevention and management of mucositis through multiple medical and alternative interventions. Outcomes of interest include lack of benefit with sucralfate and improved basic oral care.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with pancreatic cancer. The guideline examines assessment and treatment, primarily through radical resections including Whipple procedures. Outcomes of interest include reduced chemotherapy toxicity with gemcitabine and improved follow-up procedures.

A clinical practice guideline for gastric and gastro-esophageal junction cancer patients. The guidelines examines assessment by a multidisciplinary team, and treatment options including gastrectomy and endomucosal resection. Outcomes of interest include increased survival through combination therapy and potential benefit from biomarker targeted therapies.

This clinical practice guideline addresses colorectal cancer screening for asymptomatic adults, in the primary care setting. Risk factors and screening test effectiveness are discussed and recommendations are provided based on age and risk. Outcomes of interest include colon cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality, as well as outcomes of screening intervention including test effectiveness and adverse effects.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on pancreatic cancer management including pre-treatment evaluation, surgical pathology report requirements, staging classifications, assessment of resectability, and treatment. Pancreatico-duodenectomy, radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and chemotherapy are discussed as treatment options depending on resectability. Management of metastatic pancreatic cancer and locally recurrent disease are included in this review.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the pre-treatment evaluation, staging, and treatment of colorectal cancer. Topics addressed in the guideline include an overview of surgical pathology report requirements; as well as treatment options for clinically localized resectable colon cancer, clinically localized resectable rectal cancer, and locally advanced unresectable or metastatic colon or rectal cancer.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with esophagogastric junction tumour. The guideline examines staging, pre-treatment evaluation, treatment through surgery and adjuvant therapy, and basic follow-up. Important aspects include surgical pathology report requirements and post-operative management.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with esophageal cancer and gastro-esophageal junction cancer. The guideline examines diagnostic assessment and proposed treatment based on cancer staging, with a focus on chemoradiation and surgical therapies. Outcomes of interest include improved recommendations for patients with good and poor performance.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic cancer. The guideline reviews pre-treatment staging, therapeutic options including biliary decompression and neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy with and without gemcitabine, chemoradiation therapy (CRT), induction chemotherapy and CRT, and radiological re-evaluation. Outcomes of interest include survival (median, overall, progression-free), treatment toxicity, adverse events, and surgical resectability rates.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with a pathological confirmed diagnosis of locally advanced rectal cancer following appropriate radiological staging investigations. The guideline reviews treatment options including chemoradiation regimes and timing (adjuvant vs neo-adjuvant). Treatment related toxicities are also discussed. Outcomes of interest include overall survival, local recurrence, tumour response, and toxicity (acute and chronic).

This is a clinical practice guideline for Barrett’s oesophagus and related early neoplasia. The guideline provides recommendations to guide patient management. The guideline addresses issues in Barrett’s oesophagus including: definition, screening and diagnosis, surveillance, pathological grading for dysplasia, management of dysplasia, and early cancer including training.

This is a clinical practice guideline for pancreatic cancer. The guideline examines treatment options for borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (BRPC). Topics explored in this guideline include: operative exploration, resection in the case of involvement of the mesentericoportal venous axis, and regimens of neoadjuvant therapy.

This guideline set provides recommendations on required reports for referrals for: breast, gastrointestinal (esophagus, stomach, colon-rectum, anus, pancreas, liver, biliary tract/gall bladder), genitourinary (testis, prostate, bladder), gynecology (endometrium, cervix, ovary, vulva & vagina), head and neck (parotid & submandibular gland, thyroid, mouth, palate, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nose & antrum, ear), lung, lymphoma and leukemia, melanoma, musculoskeletal and sarcoma, neuro-oncology, primary unknown, and skin (basal cell & squamous cell carcinomas, mycosis fungoides – Sezary syndrome). The guideline provides recommendations on pathology reports, operative reports, laboratory reports, and imaging reports. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the early detection of common cancers in adolescents and young adults aged between 15 and 24 years of age. The cancers covered include leukemia, lymphoma, brain tumours, soft tissue sarcoma, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. The guideline discusses common signs and symptoms and provides recommendations on clinical assessment and referral. "Youth-friendly" communication between practitioner and patient is also discussed, and links for patient and practitioner resources are provided.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with or at risk of having anal cancer. The guideline outlines screening and prevention, diagnostic assessment and staging, treatment, and follow-up and surveillance. Special topics of interest include treatment of the elderly and personalized medicine. Management of advanced/metastatic disease is also discussed. Outcomes of interest include survival, recurrence rates and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients at risk for and affected with Lynch syndrome. The guideline examines appropriate provision of genetic testing and management of patients. Important aspects include: ways to assess individuals for the risk of colorectal cancer, tumour testing, algorithms for genetic evaluation of affected and at-risk family members of pedigrees with Lynch syndrome, and the provision of diagnosis and management strategies to health-care providers caring for these patients.

A clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of focal liver lesions, including hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular adenoma, and hepatic cysts. The guideline examines diagnosis, including imaging characteristics, and treatment modalities. Outcomes of interest include a focus on local availability of expertise and resources, and improved 5-year survival through early detection.

A clinical practice guideline for acute bowel obstruction caused by colorectal cancer and patients with early stage rectal cancer. The guideline examines the efficacy of stenting and bowel resection as an alternative to emergency procedures, and less invasive treatments, including transanal endoscopic microsurgery, as first-line treatment for early stage cancer. Outcomes of interest include reduced hospital stay and improved bowel function.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over 18 years of age with metastatic colorectal cancer. The guideline reviews surveillance and treatment options including surgery, radiotherapy, palliative chemotherapy and biological therapy. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, progression-free), and toxicity.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic assessment, staging, and management. Treatment options including resection, liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE), transarterial radioembolization (TARE), sorafenib, and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) are reviewed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over 18 years of age with pancreatic cancer. The guideline reviews diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment options for both potentially curable and unresectable pancreatic cancer. Comparisons are made between FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine chemotherapy regimes. Outcomes of interest include survival, adverse events, and response rate.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations on pancreatoduodenectomy, with comparisons made to extended versus standard lymphadenectomy during surgery. Primary outcome of interest is survival benefit.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients (18 years or older) with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on sequential chemotherapy strategies for treatment with palliative intent. The cytotoxic agents discussed include initial fluoropyrimidine (5-FU or capecitabine) either alone or in combination, irinotecan and oxaliplatin. Outcomes of interest are overall survival, toxicity, and quality of life.

This guideline set provides recommendations on gastrointestinal cancer, with sub-sections discussing the following tumour sites: anus, bile duct, colon, esophageal and esophagogastric junction, gallbladder, liver, neuroendocrine tumours, lymphoma, gastro-intestinal stromal tumours (GIST), pancreas, rectum, small bowel, and stomach. Important aspects discussed in the guideline include: screening, diagnostic and staging, surgical therapy, staging, follow up and surveillance, and considers different treatment options. Please note that the sub-sections within this set were published and revised at varying dates, and that the publication year referenced here refers only to the date that the guideline set was accessed online.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients diagnosed with or suspected of having colon cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic assessment and staging, pathology, treatment, and follow-up care. The use of KRAS mutational analysis and BRAF are reviewed, and N-RAS and MSI are discussed as predictors of treatment effectiveness. Comparisons are made between chemotherapy regimes, surgical techniques, and recovery programs. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests, survival (progression-free, overall), surgical outcomes (mortality, complications, readmissions, hospital stay, peri-procedural morality), and quality of life.

A clinical practice guideline for adult and paediatric patients undergoing colonoscopies for cancer surveillance. The guideline examines appropriate bowel cleansing procedures, including dietary recommendations and salvage options. Outcomes of interest include improved OTC purgative prescription and greater use of low-volume agents.

A clinical practice guideline for the use of computed tomographic colonography in patients with colorectal cancer. The guideline examines colorectal surveillance and polypectomy and their feasibility for patients with symptoms of colorectal cancers. Outcomes of interest include improvements over standard barium enemas and increased diagnostic sensitivity.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NETs). The guideline examines multiple treatment options, including surgery and systemic therapies. Outcomes of interest include treatment response, median time to progression, and survival. This guideline is wiki-based and is constantly updated as new evidence arises - this review pertains to the guideline as of May 1, 2014.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Diagnosis, surgery, adjuvant therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and stent therapy are discussed. Outcomes of interest include survival and treatment efficacy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients who have bowel obstruction with advanced peritoneal carcinomatosis for which complete cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion are no longer relevant. The guideline provides recommendations on clinical assessment and treatment options for relieving intestinal obstruction or its symptoms. Treatment/management options include surgery, steroids, stents, nasogastric tubes (NGT's) and venting gastronomy, antisecretory drugs, and antiemetic management. Outcomes of interest include complication rate of surgical management (e.g. obstruction, perforation), morbi-mortality rates from surgery, and quality of life.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic assessment and follow-up for patients with cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Topics covered include indications for work-up, laboratory tests, serum markers, imaging and nuclear medicine, ultrasound/endoscopy, laboratory markers in cystic fluid, and pathology. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of diagnostic/assessment procedures.

This is a clinical practice guideline for localized pancreatic head cancer. The guideline examines when to perform a pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) in the absence of positive histology. Other important aspects discussed in the guideline include: the issue of the preoperative biopsy, pancreatitis, and neuroendocrine neoplasms.

This guideline reviews perioperative care for enhanced recovery after gastrectomy for cancer. Recommendations are provided on preoperative counselling and nutrition, surgical preparation, technique, and methods, analgesia and anaesthetic management, and postoperative care including management of fluid balance, urinary drainage, glycaemic control, and stimulation of bowel movement, among others.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with colorectal cancer or for patients who are otherwise at risk of Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The guideline provides recommendations on the identification and referral of patients to genetic centres for counselling, and discusses appropriate follow-up screening for Lynch syndrome and FAP. The use of Microsatellite instability (MSI) as both a predictor of treatment effectiveness and a predictor of Lynch syndrome is reviewed, with MSI compared to immunohistochemistry when screening for Lynch syndrome.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over the age of 18 years with stage II or III colorectal cancer. The guideline discusses follow-up care and provides recommendations regarding the timing and appropriateness of surveillance tests/procedures including CEA testing, colonoscopy, PET scans and CT scans. The guideline also discusses how physicians can educate patients about adopting healthy lifestyle behaviours to improve survival outcomes.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with early esophageal cancer, dysplastic and non-dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. This guideline examines treatment options and considers in what clinical situations endoscopic therapy is the most appropriate treatment. Treatment options explored and discussed include: endoscopic mucosal resection, radiofrequency ablation, photodynamic therapy, argon plasma coagulation, and multipolar electrocoagulation.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with malignant colonic obstruction and colorectal cancer. The guideline examines colonic self-expandable metal stent placement in prophylactic, elective, emergency, and palliative surgeries. Outcomes of interest include reduced colonic perforation and reduced mortality.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients (18 years or older) with inoperable, advanced (Stage IV) colorectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on the use of intermittent systemic treatment strategies. Outcomes of interest include overall response rate, survival (overall, progression-free, failure free), toxicity, and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline outlining surgical treatment options for patients with ulcerative colitis. The guideline examines indications for surgery, with a specific focus on the intractability of ulcerative colitis, as well as surgical and postoperative management. The guideline also provides recommendations for cancer screening by endoscopy for patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis. Outcomes of interest include improvements in quality of life and potential curative measures.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with cystic tumours of the pancreas. The guideline examines the diagnosis and management of pancreatic tumours, including assessment of biopsy and surgical assessment. Outcomes of interest include improved diagnostic imaging and improved follow-up.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with suspected biliary neoplasia. The guideline reviews evaluation and treatment options of biliary neoplasia including cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder polyps, and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Recommendations are provided for radiologic imaging and endoscopic approaches. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity, specificity of diagnostic procedures, and safety and effectiveness of endoscopic procedures.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on optimal staging investigations for patients with newly diagnosed primary cancer of the rectum. Diagnostic procedures are reviewed including digital rectal examination (DRE), rigid proctoscopy, total colonoscopy, Intraluminal Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) , and Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET)/CT Scanning. Outcomes of interest include test sensitivity and specificity.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. The guideline reviews diagnostic assessment, local treatment modalities, and systemic treatment (chemotherapy and clinical trials). It also discusses symptoms, evaluation, and treatment of hormonally active metastases. Outcomes of interest include survival, rate of progression, effectiveness of treatment, and toxicity.

This clinical practice guideline reviews risk stratification following the removal of precancerous neoplastic lesions and provides recommendations for timing of endoscopic surveillance. Outcomes of interest include short- and long-term risk of future development of advanced neoplasia, incidence and mortality of metachronous advanced lesions, and accuracy of screening procedures.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with, or suspected of having, HPV associated lesions of the lower anogenital tract. The guideline examines appropriate terminology for cancers of the anogenital region and provides a diagnostic and histopathologic nomenclature system for use in clinical settings. Outcomes of interest include clarified margins for squamous cells and lesions in terms of both regional definition and staging.

A professional guideline for colonoscopy training as part of fecal occult blood test based colorectal cancer screening. The guideline examines training, competency maintenance, and quality assurance measures for colonoscopies and related patient assessment procedures. Outcomes of interest include improved auditable outcomes and clearer pre-assessment standards.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with resectable, operable, and potentially curable thoracic (lower two thirds of esophagus) esophageal cancer for whom surgery is considered appropriate. The guideline compares treatment regimes including pre- and postoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy versus surgery alone. Outcomes of interest include treatment related mortality, local control, survival benefits, and adverse effects.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with squamous anal carcinoma. The guideline examines diagnosis, staging, and treatment through concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Outcomes of interest include improved differential diagnosis and indications for surgical excision.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over the age of 18 with gastric cancer. The guideline discusses diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment recommendations. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall and five-year progression-free), and side effects of therapy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with an increased risk of familial pancreatic cancer. The guideline discusses risk stratification and provides recommendations on screening, surveillance and management of high-risk individuals. Topics of discussion include a comparison of screening methods, and threshold criteria for surgery for patients with lesions identified during screening.

This clinical practice guideline reviews the use of MRI for primary clinical staging or restaging of rectal cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on MRI requirements and sequences, criteria for MRI assessment, and MRI reporting. Imaging techniques including endorectal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline examines the use of cervical ultrasound scanning (US) in the postoperative management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer of follicular origin. Topics of interest include recommendations on US procedure including fine needle aspiration technique, differentiation of benign and pathological US patterns, and indications for cervical ultrasound, US-FNA, and in situ biological marker assessment. New methods for preoperative localization of cervical recurrence and alternatives to surgical treatment of cervical recurrence are also discussed. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and accuracy of ultrasound scanning.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients diagnosed with or at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The guideline reviews prevention, diagnosis and surveillance, surgery, percutaneous ablation therapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Post-treatment surveillance, prevention of recurrence, and treatment of recurrent cancer are also reviewed. Outcomes of interest include survival, recurrence, disease progression, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of diagnostic tests, efficacy of surveillance and treatment techniques, surgical complications, and postoperative mortality.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with colorectal cancer. The guideline examines work up steps, and includes recommendations for resectable and unresectable colon and rectal cancers. Outcomes of interest include high response rates with combination chemotherapy and improved therapies for K-RAS mutated tumours.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with clinically resectable or resected stage II or III rectal cancer. The guideline reviews the use of pre- and post-operative therapy including chemotherapy and radiotherapy as treatment options. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, cause-specific), quality of life, acute and late toxicities, and postoperative morbidity (within 30 days of surgery).

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with a primary diagnosis of biopsy-proven squamous cell cancer of the anal canal, including basaloid, cloacogenic, and transitional cell tumours. The guideline reviews treatment and follow-up care for squamous cell cancer, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy discussed as treatment options. Outcomes of interest include colostomy rate, local failure, survival, adverse effects (acute and late), and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for asymptomatic patients over 19 years of age. The guideline provides recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer stratified by age and risk. Risk factors are discussed, and screening procedures are reviewed including fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and CT colonography.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of colorectal carcinoma. The guideline examines preoperative assessment, staging, surgical techniques, and operative considerations. Outcomes of interest include improved surgical management and reduced recurrence rate.

This is a guideline for patients who have received curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) or polypectomy. The guideline provides recommendations on follow-up procedures and intervals depending on risk group. Follow-up visits are outlined and procedures including colonoscopy, imaging and x-rays, tumour markers, and fecal occult blood tests are reviewed. Long-term surveillance is also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with a malignant polyp. The guideline reviews topics such as colonoscopy and endoscopic technique for the removal of large adenomas, the histopathology of adenomas and polypoid carcinomas, how prognostic indicators influence the risk of residual cancer in the bowel wall or lymph nodes, and the likelihood of recurrence if additional treatment is not taken. As well, the benefits and harms of endoscopic resection are reviewed, and the role of endoscopic and radiological imaging in the assessment and follow up of malignant polyps is discussed. Outcomes of interest include risk of post-surgical morbidity and mortality, risk of recurrence, disease-specific survival, and nodal metastasis.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with adrenal diseases, including pheochromocytoma, carcinoma, and adrenal gland neoplasms. The guideline examines minimally invasive treatment techniques, specifically focusing on appropriate resection and technical details. Outcomes of interest reduced hospital stay and postoperative pain.

A clinical practice guideline for survivors of colorectal cancer. The guideline examines appropriate follow-up and surveillance for stage II and III cancer survivors, including appropriate timing, supportive care, and secondary prevention. Outcomes of interest include improved prevention through lifestyle changes and increasing carcinoembryonic antigen testing when necessary.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over 18 years of age with esophageal cancer, including both squamous cell and adenocarcinoma. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic work-up, staging, treatment options for potentially curable cancer, and management options for incurable cancer. Outcomes of interest include survival (overall, progression-free, 5-year), morbidity, toxicity, and rate of sudden death.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults over 18 years of age with squamous cell carcinomas that arise in the anal canal. The guideline discusses diagnostic work-up, staging, and the goals of therapy and recommendations for both potentially curable, locally recurrent, and metastatic cancer of the anal canal. Follow-up care is also reviewed.

This guideline provides screening recommendations for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, based on age and risk factors. Management of test results including mammography, cytology, occult blood test (FOBT) and colonoscopy are discussed, and potential benefits and harms are reviewed. Other testing procedures include ultrasound, stereotactic core biopsy, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, endometrial biopsy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients diagnosed with adrenocortical carcinoma. The guideline examines the use of adjuvant mitotane therapy in resectable and unresectable carcinomas, and options for combination therapy. Outcomes of interest include lower rate of recurrence post-surgery and prolonged survival in children.

This clinical practice guideline reviews diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive aspects of care for adult patients who have successfully undergone liver transplantation (LT). Topics include post-transplant monitoring and management of complications, as well as longer-term prevention and management of associated health conditions such as systemic and infectious diseases. Health promotion after LT is also discussed, with specific recommendations provided for bone health, nutrition and obesity, and reproductive health. Topics specific to oncology include screening for de novo cancer and management of recurrent or persistent cancer in LT patients.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with gastric cancers. The guideline examines diagnosis and management, including regional and resource-based recommendations. Outcomes of interest include increased HER2 testing and increased post-operative chemotherapy for palliative patients.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients over 18 years of age with early stage rectal cancer. The guideline reviews diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment options including surgical resection and chemotherapy.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults over 18 years of age with early stage colon cancer. The guideline provides recommendations on diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment including a review of recommended chemotherapy regimes.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with biliary tract cancer. The guideline examines management, with specific focus on surgical resection for potentially resectable disease and palliative radiotherapy for unresectable disease. Outcomes of interest include improved recommendations for establishing resectability and reductions in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram.

A clinical practice for patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The guideline examines the use of cryotherapy based on lesion size and other risk factors. Recommendations on technique are included, and comparisons are made to loop electrosurgical excision procedures.

This is a clinical practice guideline regarding the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (LS) (previously referred to as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer; HNPCC). The guideline looks at improving the identification of LS, optimal surveillance protocols for various cancers, the role of prophylactic hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy, and appropriate surgical treatment for CRC. Other topics of discussion include the influence of lifestyle and environmental factors on the development of CRC in LS, the role of aspirin in the management of LS, prenatal diagnosis (PND) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in LS, and the psychosocial implications of genetic testing and surveillance.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with thyroid nodules and at risk for thyroid cancer. The guideline examines diagnosis for normal and abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone tests, and treatment including surgical options. Outcomes of interest include reductions in unnecessary procedures and improved recommendations for pregnant patients.

A clinical practice guideline for patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. The guideline examines surgical quality with specific focus on staging and surgical margins. Outcomes of interest include improved recommendations for multiorgan resection and improved staging-based resection choice.

This is a guideline for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who are undergoing gastrectomy. The guideline reviews the relationship between surgical volumes including surgeon and hospital volumes, and surgical outcome. Hospital characteristics such as whether the hospital contains a level I intensive care unit are also examined. Outcomes of interest include procedure-related morbidity, procedure-related mortality, and survival related to hospital volume, hospital specialization, surgeon volume, or surgeon training.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma for whom a pancreatectomy is planned. The guideline reviews pre- and post-operative treatment options including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Outcomes of interest include overall survival, quality of life, and adverse effects.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of neuroendocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lungs, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland, and of unknown origin. The guideline examines symptom management and dosing regimens for treatment with octreotide. Outcomes of interest include slowed tumour progression and improved prophylactic use.

A clinical practice guideline for the use of gastrointestinal endoscopy in the staging and management of colorectal cancer in adult patients. The guideline examines staging, endoscopic management, and endoscopic resection in colonic obstructions and colorectal neoplasia. Outcomes of interest include improved differentiation between benign and malignant lymph nodes through endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.

This clinical practice guideline reviews the diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer in adult patients. Procedures including flexible endoscopy with biopsy, CT, PET, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and laparoscopy are discussed. Outcomes of interest include sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnostic procedures.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with thymic neoplasms. The guideline examines staging based treatment and follow up, focusing on surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy. Outcomes of interest include reduced relapse and improved multimodal treatment regimens.

This clinical practice guideline discusses pre- and peri-operative care interventions for patients undergoing elective rectal or pelvic surgery. Comparisons are made between rectal resection and colon resection recommendations, specifically in pre-operative counselling and optimisation. Outcomes of interest include rates of anastamotic leaks, length of hospital stay, and post-operative morbidity.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adult patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, head/neck cancer, or breast cancer, that is treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors cetuximab, erlotinib, gefitinib, panitumumab, or lapatinib, either alone or in combination with other treatments. The guideline examines the prevention and management of a papulopustular rash that commonly develops as a side effect of EGFR inhibitor therapy. Topics of discussion include prevention and prophylactic treatment of rash, clinical management, and supportive care. Outcomes of interest include rash severity, rate of recurrence, and response to treatment.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with serrated lesions of the colorectum. The guideline reviews pathology, molecular features, epidemiology, and detection of lesions and provides recommendations regarding removal of lesions and post-polypectomy surveillance. Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is also discussed.

This clinical practice guideline examines endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology. Topics of discussion include learning of procedure, surgical techniques, complications and their prevention, and the processing of specimens obtained with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration or EUS-guided Trucut biopsy. Outcomes of interest include diagnostic accuracy, malignancy, morbidity, complication rate and procedure-related mortality.

A clinical practice guideline for the perioperative care of patients undergoing elective colonic surgery. The guideline examines pre- and peri-operative nutrition and analgesic care options, as well as postoperative complication reduction options. Outcomes of interest include reduced length of hospital stay, re-admissions, and mortality.

This clinical practice guideline reviews surgical management of patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer who have had or will have a complete resection of the primary cancer, and who meet the surgical criteria for the resection of liver-only metastases. The guideline examines the role of liver resection in special cases of liver plus extrahepatic metastases (EHM). The use of perioperative chemotherapy is also discussed. Outcomes of interest include median survival, three- and five-year survival, recurrence rate, postoperative complications, and chemotherapy-related hepatic injury.

This clinical guideline examines the management of adult patients presenting in primary care settings with signs and/or symptoms of colorectal cancer. Clinical presentation (focused history and physical examination), referral, and recommendations to reduce diagnostic delay are discussed. Assessment techniques include digital rectal examination, physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), fecal occult blood test (FOBT), computed tomographic (CT) colonography and double-contrast barium enema (DCBE). Outcomes of interest are positive predictive values for colorectal cancer.

A clinical practice guideline for the screening and surveillance of patients at risk for colorectal cancer. The guideline examines quality assurance and professional requirements for common screening procedures, such as endoscopy and fecal occult blood tests, and including recommendations for follow-up and treatment timing. Outcomes of interest include improved safety and improved patient experience.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus. The guideline examines pre-treatment evaluation, treatment, and post-treatment surveillance, with specific recommendations for HIV-positive patients. Outcomes of interest include increased support for intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based chemoradiotherapy as a primary treatment, and specifically for HIV-positive patients with higher toxicity risks.

A clinical practice guideline for gastroesophageal cancer treatment and staging recommendations. The guideline examines surgical and systemic therapy treatment options for primary care in a variety of gastroesophageal cancers. Outcomes of interest include use of staging endosonography and laparoscopy and primary treatment strategies. The use of endosonography, laparoscopy, and PET-CT scans in routine staging is also examined.

This clinical practice guideline reviews the use of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. The guidelines reviews colonoscopy preparation and provides recommendations for colonoscopy procedure and cleaning and disinfection of equipment. Recommendations are also made for experience of colonoscopists, recording of adverse outcomes, and the colonoscopy report. Outcomes of interest include detection rate and adverse events.

This clinical practice guideline reviews colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) for use in colorectal cancer screening. Indications and contraindications, bowel preparation, and reporting and workup of CCE results are discussed. Positive and negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of CCE are considered.

This is a clinical practice guideline on optimal perioperative care for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The guideline provides recommendations for pre- and perioperative care as well as surgical technique. Outcomes of interest include morbidity, recovery rate, and cost.

This clinical practice guideline provides recommendations on the management of patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE) and low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), or early- stage esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). Diagnosis of BE and HGD, risk factors for EA and surveillance of at-risk patients, and treatment of HGD and early EA are discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 (MEN1) and their families. Recommendations are provided for genetic testing and screening, diagnosis, and treatment of MEN1 related tumours. Organization of care is also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for head and neck cancer patients (HNCPs) undergoing radiotherapy. The guideline reviews dysphagia mechanisms and causes in HNCPs and provides recommendations on the management of patients undergoing radiotherapy who have pre-treatment dysphagia or are at risk for dysphagia. The occurrence of dysphagia in post-surgical radiotherapy or after chemoradiotherapy is also discussed.

This is a clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with cholagiocarcinoma or suspected cholagiocarcinoma. The guideline discusses risk factors, diagnosis and staging, and treatment options. Outcomes of interest include survival, time-to-progression, tumour control rate, and rate of surgical complications.

This recommendation statement explores the use of pharmacogenomic testing of tumour in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to predict response to anti-EGFR antibody therapy (cetuximab or panitumumab). The guideline reviews analytic and clinical validity of testing for selected pharmacogenomic tests including codon 12 and 13 mutations in KRAS, the BRAF V600E mutation, variants in NRAS and in PIK3CA, and loss of PTEN and AKT protein expression. Outcomes of interest include overall or progression-free survival and treatment-related adverse events.

A clinical practice guideline for colorectal cancer screening in asymptomatic patients. The guideline examines screening and surveillance intervals given the potential presence of adenomatous polyps and previous polypectomies. Outcomes of interest include colonoscopy quality and follow up surveillance procedures.

A clinical practice guideline for patients with colon cancer. The guideline examines risk assessment and treatment, primarily through surgical resection. Outcomes of interest include improved prediction of outcomes through histologic grading and reduced surgical morbidity in palliative procedures.

A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with premalignant atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and epithelial dysplasia at risk for gastric cancers. The guideline makes recommendations for staging, treatment, and follow-up for precancerous gastric conditions to improve the diagnosis of early stage cancer. Outcomes of interest include Helicobacter pylori eradication, pharmacological options, and an analysis of patient benefits in terms of cost-effectiveness.

This clinical practice guideline examines biliary stenting and provides recommendations on when, how, and with which stent to perform biliary drainage. Treatment of benign conditions and management of complications are also reviewed. Outcomes of interest include treatment success and complications.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients known to be at above-average risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) development, such as patients who have already had adenomatous polyps removed or surgery for CRC and patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The guideline discusses colonoscopic surveillance after polypectomy, the role of surveillance colonoscopy after curative resection for colorectal cancer, and colonoscopic surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Psychosocial aspects, socio-economic factors, and economic considerations are also discussed. Outcomes of interest include adenoma detection rates, testing sensitivity, and cost effectiveness.

This clinical practice guideline provides an overview on the treatment of colorectal cancer. Treatment strategies are outlined for all stages of colorectal cancer as well as for recurrences and hematogenous metastases, and treatment options including chemotherapy and radiotherapy are reviewed. Palliative care and surveillance after surgery are also discussed. Outcomes of interest include survival and recurrence rate.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine (including carcinoid) tumours (NETs). Genetic risk factors, diagnostic assessment including imaging and pathology, and treatment are discussed. Special topics of interest include genetic risk factors and association of NETs with carcinoid heart disease (CHD). Outcomes of interest include survival rates, sensitivity of diagnostic testing procedures, adverse effects and quality of life.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults aged 19 and over. The guideline examines surveillance colonoscopy after polypectomy or curative resection for colorectal cancer, and in inflammatory bowel disease. Advances in colonoscopy, CT colonography, and other methods of investigation are also discussed, as well as psychosocial effects of colonoscopy and socioeconomic factors. Outcomes of interest include survival, patient experience, and accuracy of colonoscopy.

This is a clinical and professional practice guideline that recommends standards of best practice for the use of CT colonography in the screening and diagnostic assessment of colorectal cancer. The guideline discusses patient information and consent, CT technique, patient experience and safety, and interpretation of results. Additional topics include radiologist training/assessment, use of endoscopy as a post-CT test, and resource allocation.

This is a clinical practice guideline for adults with average or high risk for colorectal cancer. The guideline discusses risk factors for colorectal cancer, effectiveness of screening tests, and screening strategies based on age and risk. The following screening techniques are compared: high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT), immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT/FIT), flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, standard guaiac FOBT (gFOBT), air contrast barium enema, CT colonography, and fecal DNA testing. Outcomes of interest include colon cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality, as well as outcomes of screening intervention including test effectiveness and adverse effects.

This is a clinical practice guideline for patients requiring colon cancer screening, examining colonoscopy standards. Important aspects include ideal polyp detection conditions, monitoring during the procedure, and follow-up care.